Multiple-Parton Interactions model¶

The default underlying event model of Herwig++ is currently based on the eikonal model. It models the underlying event activity as additional semi-hard and soft partonic interactions. In doing so, it allows the description of minimum bias events as well as the underlying event in hard scattering processes.

Main parameters of the model¶

The main parameters of the model are those controlling the matter distribution in the proton

\(\mu^2\), the inverse hadron radius squared which is set using:
```
set /Herwig/UnderlyingEvent/MPIHandler:InvRadius x
```

and

\(p_\perp^{\min}\), a transition scale between soft and semi-hard nteractions [1] which by default is now set using a power-law energy extrapolation

\(p_\perp^{\min}=p_{\perp,0}^{\min}\left(\frac{\sqrt{s}}{E_0}\right)^b\)

with parameters

\(p_{\perp,0}^{\min}\), the value of \(p_\perp^{\min}\) at the reference scale \(E_0\) set using:
```
set /Herwig/UnderlyingEvent/MPIHandler:pTmin0 x*GeV
```
\(b\) the power for power law extrapolation which is set using:
```
set /Herwig/UnderlyingEvent/MPIHandler:Power x
```
\(E_0\) the reference energy scale for power law energy extrapolation is set using:
```
set /Herwig/UnderlyingEvent/MPIHandler:ReferenceScale x*GeV
```
The default value is 7 TeV.

For colour reconnection, by default we use the so-called plain colour reconnection model with just one parameter:

\(p_{\rm reco}\) the colour reconnection probability in the plain colour reconnection model which is set using:
```
set /Herwig/Hadronization/ColourReconnector:ReconnectionProbability x
```
There is also more complicated statistical colour reconnection model available in Herwig++, see Colour reconnection models.

Colour reconnection models¶

Currently there are three colour reconnection models implemented in Herwig: the plain model (default) the more complicated statistical model and a model which allows for the formation of baryonice clusters, the baryonic reconnection model.

ColourReconnectionAlgorithm parameter selects the colour reconnection model to be used. Possible values are Plain for the plain model (PCR), Statistical for the statistical model (SCR) and Baryonic for the baryonic reconnection model. A detailed description of the models can be found in arXiv:1206.0041 and arXiv:1710.10906.

Statistical colour reconnection¶

The PCR model was discussed above the more complex SCR has the following parameters:

\(c\), the initial temperature in the SCR model which is set using:

set /Herwig/Hadronization/ColourReconnector:InitialTemperature x

\(\alpha\), in the SCR model, the number of reconnection tries per temperature step is the number of clusters times this factor. It is set using:
```
set /Herwig/Hadronization/ColourReconnector:TriesPerStepFactor x
```
\(f\) the ratio of the temperatures in two successive temperature steps in the SCR model. It is set using:
```
set /Herwig/Hadronization/ColourReconnector:AnnealingFactor x
```
\(N_{\rm steps}\) the number of temperature steps in the SCR model. It is set using:
```
set /Herwig/Hadronization/ColourReconnector:AnnealingSteps x
```

Baryonic colour reconnection¶

The baryonic colour reconnection model only has one additional parameter:

\(p_{\rm recoB}\), the reconnection probability for the formation of baryonic clusters can be set using:
```
set /Herwig/Hadronization/ColourReconnector:ReconnectionProbabilityBaryonic x
```

Energy extrapolation¶

As we mentioned above the only energy dependent parameter of the model is \(p_\perp^{\min}\). There are three options how to set \(p_\perp^{\min}\) at different energies steered by:

EnergyExtrapolation parameter, which enables and selects the extrapolation of the ptmin cut-off. It is set using:
```
set /Herwig/UnderlyingEvent/MPIHandler:EnergyExtrapolation x
```
x takes three possible values:
- Power: power-law (default), \(p_\perp^{\min}=p_{\perp,0}^{\min}\left(\frac{\sqrt{s}}{E_0}\right)^b\), see above how to set the parameters.
- Log: logarithmic extrapolation, \(p_\perp^{\min}=A\log\left(\frac{\sqrt{s}}{B}\right)\), which is set using:
  set /Herwig/UnderlyingEvent/MPIHandler:EEparamA A set /Herwig/UnderlyingEvent/MPIHandler:EEparamB B
- No: no extrapolation, use \(p_\perp^{\min}\) as explicitly set using the interface:
  set /Herwig/UnderlyingEvent/MPIHandler:pTmin x*GeV
  If no energy extrapolation is selected, MHatMin has to be set to exactly \(2p_\perp^{\min}\)!:
  set /Herwig/UnderlyingEvent/KtCut:MinKT x*GeV

[1]	If soft MPI model is switched off: set /Herwig/UnderlyingEvent/MPIHandler:softInt No the \(p_\perp^{\min}\) is not a transition scale but the minimum transverse momentum of additional semi-hard interactions.